Algorithms

Listed algorithms (A1, A2, etc.) have submitted catalogues for Tier 1. Algorithm numbering is determined by overall alphabetical order with the first set of numbers assigned to developers who participated in the 1-month proof of concept (A1 – A15), see GMD paper, followed by Tier 1-only participation (A16-39).

Algorithm Grid, by Christine Shields

  Developer Type Geometry Req. Threshold Req. Temporal Req. Region DIO/Reference  
A16,A23,A24 Brands et al Condition > 1500 km Both Relative and Absolute IVT:
95th(A16)/90th(A23)/90th(A24) percentile at point of detection, 90th/85th/85th percentile along the AR structure, consider all months for threshold calculation with a min threshold of 240/500/250 kgm-1s-1.
Spatial tracking guided by vector IVT.
Time slice 150°W to 30°E
30°N to 62°N
10.1007/s00382-016-3095-6  
A1 Gershunov et alb Condition and Track >= 1500km long Absolute: 250kgm-1s-1 IVT
1.5cm IWV
Time stitching
-18 hours (3 time steps for 6 hourly data)
Western U.S. 10.1002/2017GL074175  
A2 Goldensonb Condition > 2000km long and < 1000km wide
Object recognition
Absolute: 2cm IWV Time slice Western U.S. 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0268.1  
A17 Gorodetskaya
et al
Condition IWV > thresh. at the coast (within defined longitudinal sector) and continuously at all latitudes for ≥ 20° equatorward (length > 2000 km), within ± 15° longitude sector (width of 30° ~ 1000 km at 70°S; requirement of meridional extent) Relative: aZN using IWV adjusted for reduced tropospheric moisture holding capacity at low temperatures
(ARcoeff = 0.2)
Time slice Polar (East Antarctica) 10.1002/2014GL060881  
A3 Guan and Waliserbc Condition Length >2000km and length width ratio >2; Coherent IVT direction within 45° of AR shape orientation and with a poleward component Relative: 85th percentile IVT; Absolute min requirement designed for polar locations: 100kgm-1s-1 IVT Time slice Global 10.1002/2015JD024257
10.1175/JHM-D-17-0114.1
tracker code
 
A4 Hagos et al. b (PNNL1) Condition Dependent on threshold requirements to determine footprint;
> 2000 km long and < 1000 km wide
Absolute: 2cm IWV 10ms-1 wind speed Time slice Western U.S. 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00567.1  
A36 Kashinath et al. f (ClimateNet) Condition Deep learning based segmentation. Trained on ~500 expert labelled images Threshold free; input fields are IWV, U850, V850, SLP Time slice Global 10.5194/gmd-2020-72  
A27 Krinitsky et al. (SAIL) Condition Geometry reqirements Length >= 250km; Length-to-width >=5; Length is estimated along the "ridge" taking IVT into account. Width is the median of widths estimated in each point of AR ridge. Relative: IVT-IVT_RM >_ 100. IVT_RM is climatological IVT running mean with 20-day windows Time slice Global Experimental  
A18 Lavers et al. Condition 4.5° latitude movement allowed Relative: ~85th percentile determined by evaluation of reanalysis products Time slice UK, Western US 10.1029/2012JD018027  
A5 Leung and Qianb (PNNL2) Track Moisture flux has an eastward or northward component at landfall; tracks originating north of 25N and east of 140W are rejected Absolute: mean IVT along track > 500 kgm-1s-1 and IVT at landfall > 200 kgm-1s-1; grid points up to 500km to the north and south along the AR tracks are included as part of the AR if their mean IVT > 300 kgm-1s-1 Time slice Western U.S. 10.1029/2008GL036445  
A6,A7 Lora et al.b Condition Length >= 2000km v1: Relative : IVT 100kgm-1s-1 above climatological area means for N. Pacific; v2:Relative/Absolute : IVT 225 kgm-1s-1 above time/latitude dependent threshold using 30-day running mean and zonal average of IWV Time slice v1 Global (A6)
v1 North Pacific (A7)
v2 (Global)
10.1002/2016GL071541
10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116293
 
A25,A26 Mahesh and O'Brien (CASCADE) Condition Convolutional neural network to replicate ARTMIP mean Threshold-free; IVT(A25) and IWV (A26) is the input, output is probability of AR presence Time slice Global Experimental  
  Mahoney et al. Condition and Track Length >= 1500km, Width <=1500km Absolute: ARDT-IVT 500kgm-1s-1 for SEUS. See Wick Southeast U.S. 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0279.1
(uses Wick)
 
A39 Mattingly Condition Length >= 1500km; Length to width ratio > 1.5 Relative: 85th percentile IVT (relative to 31 day centered climatological mean); Absolute min requirement designed for polar locations: 150 kg/m/s IVT: vIVT must be poleward unless feature is poleward of 66.56 N/S (Arctic/Antarctic Circle) Time slice Global coverage poleward of 10N/S; parameters tuned for polar focus (allows non poleward vIVT for features poleward of 66.56 N?S 10.1029/2018JD028714  
A19 Mundhenk Condition >1400km length, aspect ratio 1:4, lat limit >16N/S, axis orientation based on IVT Relative IVT percentiles and/or anomalies both temporal and spatial Time slice Global 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0655.1  
A20 Muszynski et al. (ML_TDA) Condition Topological analysis and machine learned Threshold-free N/A Western U.S., adaptable to other regions 10.5194/gmd-12-613-2019  
A38 Nellikkattil et al. (SCAFET) Condition and Track Local geometric shape Threshold free on IVT but precipitation > 1 mm/day TIme slice Global In preparation  
A32 O'Brien et al. (teca_bard_v1.01 = CASCADE_bard_v1) Condition eMinimum area eRelative threshold (based on spatial percentile for each timestep). An inverted Gaussian filter is applied at the equator to damp out the ITCZ Time slice Global 10.5194/gmd-13-6131-2020  
A33 PanLu Condition 1) Length>2000km; 2) Length-Width ratio>2; 3) sum of turning angle<360; 4) percentage within tropics < 95%; 5) 50% < percentage within tropics < 95% or percentage with IVT direction smaller than 15 degrees <50% Two relative thresholds. Local threshold: smoothed 85% quantile IVT field using the Gaussian kernel density smoothing technique; regional threshold: the 80% quantile of IVT for all grids within 80N and 80S. Time stitching: last for at least 18 hours East Asia & Global 10.1029/2018WR024407
10.1029/2020GL089477
 
A8 Payne and Magnusdottirbc Condition Length > 1200km, landfalling only Relative: 85th Percentile of maximum IVT (1000-500mb) Absolute: IWV >2cm, 850mb wind speed > 10m/s Time stitching (12-hour minimum) Western U.S. 10.1002/2015JD023586
10.1002/2016JD025549
 
  Ralph et al. Condition Length >= 2000km, Width <= 1000km Absolute: IWV 2cm Time slice Western U.S. 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132  
A9,A31 Ramos et al.bc; Blamey et al.* Condition Detected for reference meridians, length >=1500km (1800km*), latitudinal movement <4.5°N Relative: IVT 85th percentile (1000-300mb) Time slice, but 18-hour minimum for persistent ARs Western Europe, South Africa*, adaptable to other regions 10.5194/esd-7-371-2016
10.1175/JHM-D-17-0111.1
 
A34 Reid et al. Condition Length > 2000km; Length-Width ratio > 2; orientation angle >10° = Absolute. IVT > 250 kg/m/s; IVT > 500 kg/m/s Time slice Global 10.1029/2020JD032897  
A10 Rutz et al.b Condition Length >= 2000km Absolute: IVT (surface to 100mb) = 250kgm-1s-1 Time slice Global, low value on tropics 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00168.1  
A30 Shearer et al.(AR-CONNECT) Track Object identification Absolute: Absolute: IVT thresholds used = 700 for seeding, 300, for region growing Time stitching, minimum 24-hour period Global weighted centroid of AR event must be outside tropics (23.25 N - 23.25 S) 10.1029/2020JD033425  
A11, A12, A13 Sellars et al.b (CONNECT) Track Object identification Absolute: IVT, thresholds tested = 300 (A11), 500 (A12), 700 (A13) kgm-1s-1 Time stitching, minimum 24-hour period Global 10.1002/2013EO320001
10.1175/JHM-D-14-0101.1
 
A14 Shields and Kiehlb Condition Ratio 2:1, length to width grid points min 200km length; 850mb wind direction from specified regional quadrants, landfalling only Relative: aZN moisture threshold using IWV; Wind threshold defined by regional 85th percentile 850mb wind magnitudes Time slice Western U.S. Iberian Peninsula, UK, adaptable but regional specific 10.1002/2016GL069476
10.1002/2016GL070470
 
A15 TEMPESTb Track dLaplacian IVT thresholds most effective for widths >1000km; cluster size minimum = 120000km2 dIVT >=250kgm-1s-1 Time stitching Global, but latitude >=15° 10.1029/2020JD033421
10.5194/gmd-10-1069-2017
10.1029/2019JD031977
10.1029/2020JD033421
 
A21 Viale et al. Condition Length >2000km (>1500km north of 35°S) and length-width ratio>2; Coherent IVT direction within 45° of AR mean direction and with a poleward component Relative: 85th percentile IVT;
Absolute min requirement designed for subtropical locations: 100kgm-1s-1 IVT; a frontal zone intercept or locate south (up to 50 km), i.e., mag. of the horizontal gradient of the 1000-850hPa thickness > 5 m 100 km-1)
Time slice Southwestern South America 10.1175/JHM-D-18-0006.1  
A22 Walton et al. Condition and Track Length >= 2000 km Relative: IVT > 250 kg/m/s + daily IVT climatology Time stitching, minimum 24-hour period Western U.S. Experimental  
  Wick et al. Condition and Track >=2000km long, <= 1000km wide object identification involving shape and axis Absolute: ARDT-IWV >2cm Time slice and stitching Regional 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2211024  
A28,A29 Wille et al. Condition Length > 20° (2000 km) equatorward with no breaks. Defined as AR landfall if AR shape overlaps a land grid cell. Relative > 98th percentile IWV(A28) or vIVT(29) based on monthly climatological means Time slice Polar: Antarctic(37.5o-78oS; Arctic(37.5o-80oN Antarctic 10.1029/2020JD033788 Arctic: Experimental  
A35 Xu et al. (IPART) Condition and Track Length >= 1500 km, area in range [50*10^4, 1800*10^4 km^2], L/W ratio>=2, isoperimetric quotient < 0.7, centroid latitude > 20 N, < 80 N. Threshold free;Select transient IVT plumes standing out from a temporal scale of 8 days;Spatial scale of ~ 1000 km Time slice and stitching Northern Hemisphere 10.5194/gmd-13-4639-2020  
A37 Zhang, Tung, & Cleveland g (Purdue) Multifactorial Conditions and Track (Length >= 1500, 1800, OR 2000 km) AND (Length/average Width >= 2) Relative: (75th, 85th, OR 95th monthly percentile applied at every gridpoint, in ENSO neutral and weak ENSO years) (IVT, IWV, OR IVT+IWV) (Persistent Duration >=12, 18, OR 24 hours) AND (Break < 24 hours) Regional: West-Coast landfalling region: located between 33-48.5N and 124.375-114.375W; Midwest region is between 37-47N and 94-84W 10.1029/2020JD033667  

aZN relative threshold formula: Q >= Qzonal_mean + ARcoeff (Qzonalmax – Qzonamean) where Q = moisture variable, either IVT (kg m-1s-1) or IWV(cm). ARcoeff = 0.3 except where noted (Zhu and Newell, 1998). The Gorodetskaya method uses Qsat, where Qsat represents maximum moisture holding capacity calculated based on temperature (Clausius-Clapeyron), an important distinction for polar ARs. Additional analysis on the ZN method can be found in Newman et al., 201

bMethods used in a 1-month proof-of-concept test (Section 5). These methods are assigned an algorithm id, i.e. A1, A2, etc.

cThese 1-month proof-of-concept methods apply a percentile approach to determining ARs. A3 and A8 applied the full MERRA2 climatology to compute percentiles. A9, applied the Feb 2017 climatology for this test only. For the full catalogues, A9 will apply extended winter and extended summer climatologies to compute percentiles. Please refer to individual publications (DOI reference column in this table) for climatologies used in earlier published studies by each developer. The climatology used to compute percentile is often dependent on the dataset (re-analysis or model data) being used.

dd Tempest contains both an absolute threshold (typically set at IVT>250) and a relative threshold (which uses a local Laplacian of IVT, typically set at del^2 IVT < -50k).

eThe O’Brien et al. Bayesian AR Detector (BARD) algorithm runs 1,024 AR detectors simultaneously. Percentile threshold, minimum area, and filter latitude width are all sampled from a posterior distribution that is designed to optimize global AR counts relative to a dataset of AR counts from a set of experts.

fThe DL model presented in the paper and the one used to produce the catalogue use slightly different architectures (DeepLab3+ vs CGNet)

gThe Purdue indices consist of 81 indices for the land-falling West-Coast ARs and 81 indices for the inland Midwest ARs.

ARTMIP ARDT Occurrences version Oct, 2022

ARTMIP AR Detection Tool (ARDT) Occurrences for Tier1 participants using MERRA-2 reanalysis data (1980-2017). Metrics are computed at coastline locations for Western North American (upper panel) and Western Europe (lower panel) and plotted by latitude to illustrate AR frequency differences solely due to ARDT. Key is given to the right of each panel for available algorithms shown on this page. Units are given in percent of ARs that occur at the coastline during MERRA-2 sample period. 

ARTMIP Tier1 catalogues, figure creation C.Shields https://www.cgd.ucar.edu/projects/artmip/algorithms and https://www.earthsystemgrid.org/dataset/ucar.cgd.artmip.html